LECTIA I TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu. In general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci cand accentul se pune pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci cand accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in care aceasta are loc. A. Present Tense Simple I work I do not (don’t) work Interogativ Do I work? Do we work? Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune regulata, obisnuita, in perioada prezenta. Present Tense Continuous ht571h7153gttf Se conjuga verbul „to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I am working We are working. Negativ I am not working. Interogativ Am I working? Are we working? Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in plina desfasurare in momentul prezent. Exercitii cu Present Simple si Present Continuous 1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ: Nota: Verbul „to have", atunci cand nu inseamna „a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party), formeaza negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului „to do". I love my brother. She talks too much. I understand you. You play the piano very well. I always believe you. He remembers my phone number. They live in Bucharest. He has a hot bath every day. I trust my friend. I have lunch at one o’clock. 2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ: It is raining. I am having a walk. He is telling the truth. You are typing a letter. They are swimming in the river. My friend is wearing a new dress. My mother is resting. We are studying English. Ann is knitting. The child is learning to play the piano. 3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous: I (not go) shopping because it (rain). What you (do) on Sundays? He usually (drink) coffee but now he (drink) tea. In England it often (rain). I (not like) that boy. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him. You (like) this book? You (dream) at night? I can’t answer the phone now because I (cook). How you usually (get) to work? The manager can’t receive you now as he (have) an interview. You (write) to John now? Where you (hurry)? She always (borrow) books from me and never (remember) to give them back. You (go) to work every day? Why you (smoke) so much? Who you (wait) for? I always (have) a rest after lunch. What you (think) of? You (know) what time is it? 4. Traduceti in limba engleza: Iarna ninge. Duminica el nu se scoala devreme. Eu nu studiez seara. Ce faci? Citesti sau privesti la televizor? Secretara tocmai bate la masina un referat. Ea merge la cumparaturi sambata. Acum imi fac temele la engleza. Nu-mi place cafeaua. Ce carte citesti? La ce ora se scoala John dimineata? Ce faci tu in zilele libere? Cui ii telefonezi? El nu merge la scoala cu metroul, merge pe jos. De ce deschizi fereastra? Adesea citesc carti englezesti. Ea isi face bagajul. Cat de des le scrii parintilor tai? Cand merg la mare imi place sa inot mult. Clientul tocmai isi alege o pereche de pantofi. B. Past Tense Simple Past Tense Simple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei – ed in cazul verbelor regulate. Afirmativ worked work Interogativ work? (Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.) Past Tense Continuous Se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to be" la trecut (Past Tense) si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I was working We were working Negativ I was not working We were not working Formele prescurtate sunt: Interogativ Was I working? Were we working? Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Exercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple: I sleep until 9 o’clock every day. He meets John on Sundays. You speak English well. You drink too much. You ask too many questions. I play football. I own two umbrellas. I like to have a coffee in the morning. That sounds interesting. I always make cakes on Sundays. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ: He thought about you. They drank all the wine. I hated him. He changed his library book every day. I sold my car. We worked very hard. He came home late. I enjoyed travelling. He translated the text. He forbade her to do this. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau Continuous: When you (come in), I talk on the phone. When I first (meet) him, he (work) in a bank. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) an accident. As I (write), someone (ring up). Where you (go) when I (meet) you? What you (do) this time yesterday? When I (enter) the classroom, the teacher (write) on the blackboard. When I (arrive), she (have) dinner. This time last Sunday, I (watch) a film on TV. He suddenly (realize) that he (not wear) his glasses. Traduceti in limba engleza: Soarele nu a apus la ora 8 aseara. Ai dormit bine noaptea trecuta? Ieri nu am mers la bazinul de inot. M-am sculat tarziu ieri dimineata. Duminica trecuta prietenii mei au jucat sah. Ieri pe vremea asta ploua. Ce faceai martea trecuta la ora 7 dimineata? Ma pregateam sa merg la facultate. In timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am gasit aceasta fotografie veche. Baietii jucau carti cand l-au auzit pe tatal lor intrand in casa. Ei au ascuns imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele de scoala. Cand te-ai intors de la munte? Cand ai cumparat acest televizor? Ieri mi-am pierdut manusile. Batea un vant puternic cand am iesit din casa. Unde ti-ai petrecut concediul vara trecuta? Ieri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am luat micul dejun si apoi am plecat la scola. Acum doua zile am cazut si mi-am rupt piciorul. Saptamana trecuta am fost bolnav si nu am mers la scoala. El a dat primul examen saptamana trecuta. Cine a castigat meciul alaltaieri? In timp ce ploua, eu conduceam masina spre Sinaia. C. Present Perfect Simple Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to have" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I have worked We have worked Negativ I have not (haven’t) worked. Interogativ Have I worked? Timpul Present Perfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent. arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pana in prezent. Cu acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepozitiile since (din, incepand din) si for (de, timp de). Ex. I haven’t seen John for two months. (Nu l-am vazut pe John de doua luni.) arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. In acest caz, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe precum: today, this week, this month, this year. Ex. I have seen two films this week. (Am vazut doua filme saptamana aceasta.) Daca adverbul de timp este „this morning", folosirea timpului verbal este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatia; daca aceasta este in cursul diminetii (pana la ora 12) sau dupa amiaza. Ex. ora 10 a.m. I haven’t got up early this morning. arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent sau care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, intereseaza in prezent. Ex. Have you seen Hamlet? (Ai vazut Hamlet?) Present Perfect Continuous Se formeaza cu Present Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I have been working We have been working Negativ I have not (haven’t) been working. Interogativ Have I been working? Timpul Present Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si prezent. Exercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si Continuous Folositi Present Perfect Simple in locul infinitivelor din paranteze: Where you (be)? I (be) to the market. You (water) the flowers? He just (leave) home. I (lend) him some money today. There isn’t any train service because the engine – drivers (go) on strike. Would you like a cake? No, thank you, I just (have) one. I already (see) this film. He (not come) home yet. I (not be) to the seaside this year. I (buy) a new house. You must come and see it. You (visit) the Village Museum? You ever (eat) caviar? I (not write) to my friend for three months. It (not rain) since December. You ever (drive) a car? He always (rely on) his friend. You (read) Sorescu’s last book? You (pay) the telephone bill? He (not go) to bed yet. How long you (live) here? I (live) here for one year. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous in locul infinitivelor din paranteze: He (fish) for two hours but he (catch) nothing yet. We (know) each other for several years. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I’m tired of it. I (shop) all day and I want to have a rest now. How long you (wear) glasses? I (cook) all the morning. How many dishes you (cook)? Why you (be) in the garden so long? I (water) the flowers. He (sleep) for 10 hours now. It’s time we woke him up. I (ask) you to clean your room for two days. When are you going to do it? Ever since that woman came to work here, she (try) to make trouble. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple in locul infinitivelor: I (lose) my pen. You (not see) it anywhere? Your ever (try) to give up smoking? You (see) your mother this week? You (be) out of work long? I am not out of work now. I (get) a job last month. I (wear) my hair long since I (be) a little girl. She (change) a lot since I (see) her last. I (do) a lot of work since I (get up) in the morning. The child (play) the piano since I (return) from school. It (rain) since we (leave) Bucharest. He (be) very ill since the holidays (begin). Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Tense Simple sau Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous: Cine te-a invatat sa vorbesti engleza atat de bine? Unde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta? M-am gandit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere. De cat timp inveti engleza? Vremea s-a incalzit in ultimul timp. El este ministru de doi ani. Traduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca. El a scris numai doua scrisori de cand a plecat in strainatate. Un copil a spart geamul. Trebuie sa-l inlocuim. Ninge de doua ore. Am mers pe jos 10 km pana acum. Mergem pe jos de la ora 3. De cand mi-am cumparat masina, am mers arareori pe jos la slujba. La ce te-ai uitat? A fost un accident. Cu cine ai votat la ultimele alegeri? Nu am mers la vot. Am stat acasa si nu am regretat nici o clipa. Ai vazut ziarul de azi? A plecat John? Da, a plecat acum o ora. Ti-ai luat deja micul dejun? Da, l-am luat la ora 8. Ai mai fost in acest oras? Da, am petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani. Ei lucreaza la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminat-o inca. D. Past Perfect Simple Se formeaza cu verbul „to have" la Past Tense Simple, la care se adauga forma III (past participle) a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I had worked. Negativ I had not (hadn’t) worked. Interogativ Had I worked? Acest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si Present Perfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de o relatie intre doua momente trecute. Past Perfect Continuous Se formeaza cu Past Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I had been working. Negativ I had not (hadn’t) been working. Interogativ Had I been working? Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele. Exercitii cu Past Simple si Continuous Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Simple: After they (finish) dinner, they drank some coffee. She said she already (be) to England. He asked me whether I (meet) John before. She discovered her child (not tell) the truth. He told me he (catch) some fish on that day. At 3 o’clock on Friday, I (return) from school. The house was much smaller then he (think) at first. The fire (spread) to the next building when the firemen arrived. We were shocked to hear she (not pass) the exam. The child (eat) all the cakes before his mother became aware of it. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Continuous: When I left home, it (rain) for one hour. When we met them, they (wait) for the bus for half an hour. When I arrived home, mother (cook) for two hours. When she sat for the exam, she (study) the subject for a week. When I rang her up, she (write) letters for one hour. When she decided to have a rest, she (clean) and (dust) for 5 hours. After Jane (swim) for half an hour, she felt chilly. When I called on her unexpectedly, I realized she (have) a party. When we reached the top, we (climb) for 7 hours. When we arrived at Sinaia, somebody told us it (rain) for hours. Puneti verbele din paranteza la Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau la Past Tense Simple: The professor (speak) for 10 minutes when I (enter) the hall. After John (listen to) the news bulletin, he (go) downstairs to have dinner. He (tell) me he (be) to the theatre the day before. We (ask) him what countries he (visit). He (learn) English for two years before he (go) to England for the first time. She just (go) out when I (call at) her house. The river became deeper after it (rain) heavily for a few hours. After John (leave), she (tell) me they (be) friends for five years. After we (walked) for an hour, we (realize) we (lose) our way. When I (find out) he (get married), I (ring up) him and (congratulate) him. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple: Mi-a parut rau ca il jignisem. El mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el. De indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmanat-o profesorului. El nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul.
In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intalni formularea „actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va continua dupa acel moment.
Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know.
Afirmativ Negativ
You work You do not (don’t) work
He/she/it works He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work
We work We do not (don’t) work
You work You do not (don’t) work
They work They do not (don’t) work 17571hho53gtf1r
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?
Ex. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student.
What time do you usually have breakfast?
You are working You are working
He/she/it is working They are working
You are not (aren’t) working.
He/she/it is not (isn’t) working.
We are not (aren’t) working.
You are not (aren’t) working.
They are not (aren’t) working.
Are you working? Are you working?
Is he/she/it working? Are they working?
Ex. Where are you going?
I am going to school.
De asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp limitat in perioada prezenta.
Ex.: I go to school by bus this week. My father is taking me in his car.
Uneori se poate folosi timpul Present Tense Continuous cu adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz, exista o conotatie afectiva (nemultumire) sau actiunea respectiva este caracteristica pentru acea persoana.
Ex. You are always losing your things.
You are always grumbling when I ask you to help me in the kitchen.
Yes, I (dream) every night.
I usually (go) by bus, but now I (take) a taxi because I am late.
Yes, I (be). I always (write) to him on his birthday.
To the theatre, as I (not want) to miss the first act.
Yes, of course, except Saturdays and Sundays.
I (wait) for John, but he is late, as usual.
I (think) of my mother just now.
Ex. to work – worked
Daca verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie invatat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III – participiul trecut.
Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken
I/you/he/she/it/we/they spoke
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not
speak
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they
speak?
Forma prescurtata a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work).
Past Tense Simple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata.
Este timpul de naratiune.
Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus.
Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk.
(Ieri am mers al plimbare.)
Last year I travelled to England.
You were working You were working
He/she/it was working They were working
You were not working You were not working
He/she/it was not working They were not working
was not – wasn’t I wasn’t working.
were not – weren’t They weren’t working.
Were you working? Were you working?
Was he/she/it working? Were they working?
Se traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul.
Ex. This time yesterday, I was watching TV.
(Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.)
Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la Past Continuous si un verb folosit la Past Simple. In acest caz, verbul la Past Continuous (tradus cu imperfectul), reprezinta fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de Past Simple (tradus cu perfectul compus).
Ex. While I was crossing the street, I met John.
Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul Past Continuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratand actiuni paralele, in plina desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut.
Ex. While John was reading, his sister was watching TV.
(In timp ce John citea, sora lui privea la televizor.)
You have worked You have worked
He/she/it has worked They have worked
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) worked.
Has he/she/it worked?
Timpul Present Perfect Simple se foloseste in urmatoarele situatii:
I haven’t seen John since September.
(Nu l-am vazut pe John din septembrie.)
I have known John for two years.
(Il cunosc pe John de doi ani.)
I have known John since 1990.
(Il cunosc pe John din 1990.)
ora 2 p.m.
I didn’t get up early this morning.
Traducerea celor doua propozitii in limba romana este identica.
Nu m-am sculat devreme azi dimineata.
I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one.
(Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.)
Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple.
Ex. I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one.
De asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care incepe cu „when", nu se poate folosi timpul Present Perfect, intrucat „when" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut.
Ex. When did you see Hamlet?
I saw it last week.
Timpul Present Perfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp precizat in trecut.
Se foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul de prezent.
Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb: often, never, seldom, always, ever, already, just.
Ex. Have you ever been to England?
(Ai fost vreodata in Anglia?)
No, I have never been to England.
Yes, I have often been to England.
Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfarsitul propozitiei: lately, yet (in propozitii negative).
Ex. He hasn’t returned home yet.
(El nu s-a intors inca acasa.)
I haven’t seen him lately.
(Nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp.)
Dupa cum se poate observa, timpul Present Perfect Simple se traduce in romaneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in functie de context.
You have been working You have been working
He/she/it has been working They have been working
He has not (hasn’t) been working.
Has he been working?
Ex. I am tired because I have been working all day.
(Sunt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.)
De asemene, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor.
Ex. It has been raining for three hours. If it doesn’t stop soon, we shall have floods.
(Ploua de trei ore. Daca nu se opreste in curand, vom avea inundatii.)
Ca si Present Perfect Simple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau cu perfectul compus din limba romana.
No, I haven’t. When you (use) it last?
Yes, I (try) last year but I (not succeed).
No, she (leave) for Brasov a week ago.
Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau a unui moment din trecut.
Ex. Yesterday at 9 o’clock I had had breakfast.
(Ieri la ora 9 luasem micul dejun.)
When you rang me up, I had finished writing my homework.
(Cand mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.)
Ca sens, echivalentul in limba romana al acestui timp este mai mult ca perfectul. Se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau perfectul compus.
Timpul Past Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. De asemenea, cand in aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la Past Tense, Past Perfect Continuous poate prelua functiile lui Present Perfect Cotinuous in propozitia secundara.
Ex. When he entered the room, she had been typing for one hour.
(Cand el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.)
After John had been watching TV for 10 minutes, he got bored.
(Dupa ce John privise (a privit) la televizor 10 minute, s-a plictisit.)
He said it had been raining for three days.
(El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.)
Dupa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba romana.
